Scholarship

Publi­cations

Peer-reviewed research in IoT security, NLP, and machine learning — in reverse chronological order.

2025
2025
Fostering Digital Inclusion for Low-Resource Nigerian Languages: A Case Study of Igbo and Nigerian Pidgin
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Minh Phuc Nguyen
Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Technologies for Machine Translation of Low-Resource Languages (LoResMT 2025)
NLPLow-resource Languages
PDF
Current state-of-the-art large language models perform exceptionally well for high-resource languages but often lack accuracy for low-resource African languages such as Igbo and Nigerian Pidgin. This study creates benchmark datasets for Igbo-English and Nigerian Pidgin-English translation tasks and evaluates GPT-based models alongside other state-of-the-art translation models specifically designed for low-resource languages.
2025
Enhancing Graph Neural Networks: A Mutual Learning Approach
Paul Agbaje, Arkajyoti Mitra, Afia Anjum, Pranali Khose, Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Habeeb Olufowobi
arXiv preprint, 2025
Machine LearningGraph Learning
arXiv
A collaborative learning framework where ensembles of student GNNs mutually teach each other throughout the training process, enabling knowledge distillation for deploying high-performance graph neural network models in resource-constrained devices.
2024
2024
Evaluating Large Language Models for Enhanced Intrusion Detection in Internet of Things Networks
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Ujjwal Baskota, Md. Salik Parwez, Jeremy Blackstone, Habeeb Olufowobi
IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2024
IoT SecurityMachine Learning
This paper explores the application of Large Language Models to network intrusion detection in IoT settings, an area that remains largely unexplored despite LLMs gaining significant traction. We fine-tune GPT-3.5 and develop an embedding similarity technique using the CIC IoT 2023 dataset.
2024
Simulating Load Sharing for Resource Constrained Devices
Christopher Kolimago, Michael P. Robson, Habeeb Olufowobi, Ebelechukwu Nwafor
IEEE Access, Volume 12, 2024
Load SharingIoT
HTML
Addresses the disconnect regarding the choice and implementation of simulators for resource-constrained devices, proposing a simulation framework for evaluating load sharing strategies that move computation closer to edge devices to minimize network latency.
2024
Artificial Intelligence Assisted Curation of Population Groups in Biomedical Literature
Latrice Landry, Mary M. Lucas, Anietie Andy, Ebelechukwu Nwafor
International Journal of Digital Curation, Volume 18, Issue 1, 2024
Health InformaticsNLP
HTML
Employs ChatGPT as an AI curation assistant for curating biomedical literature for population groups, qualitatively and quantitatively evaluating the performance of GPT-4 in curating population information from biomedical literature.
2023
2023
Towards named data networking technology: Emerging applications, use cases, and challenges for secure data communication
Afia Anjum, Paul Agbaje, Arkajyoti Mitra, Emmanuel Oseghale, Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Habeeb Olufowobi
Future Generation Computer Systems, 2023
SecurityIoT
HTML
Named Data Networking (NDN), an emerging Internet architecture, alters the basics of the networking model by making content directly addressable and routable. This paper presents the concepts of NDN architecture and a comprehensive overview of emerging application use cases for secure data communications.
2023
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Energy-Efficient Task Offloading in Cooperative Vehicular Edge Networks
Paul Agbaje, Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Habeeb Olufowobi
IEEE 21st International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), 2023
Federated LearningVehicular SecurityEdge Computing
2023
FedCime: An Efficient Federated Learning Approach For Clients in Mobile Edge Computing
Paul Agbaje, Afia Anjum, Zahidur Talukder, Mohammad Islam, Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Habeeb Olufowobi
IEEE International Conference on Edge Computing and Communications (EDGE), 2023
Federated LearningEdge Computing
2023
IoT-MGSec: Mitigating Man-in-the-Middle Attacks in IoT Networks Using Graph-Based Learning
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Carter Schmidt, Habeeb Olufowobi
IEEE 22nd International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA), 2023
IoT SecurityGraph Learning
HTML
Proposes IoT-MGSec, a novel solution to mitigating man-in-the-middle attacks using graph-based learning, which employs graph modeling and embedding techniques to learn node and edge features and generate a robust classifier to detect MiTM attacks with high accuracy.
2023
Privacy-Preserving Intrusion Detection System for Internet of Vehicles using Split Learning
Paul Agbaje, Afia Anjum, Arkajyoti Mitra, Sena Hounsinou, Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Habeeb Olufowobi
IEEE/ACM 10th International Conference on Big Data Computing, Applications and Technologies (BDCAT), 2023
IoT SecurityVehicular SecurityFederated Learning
HTML
Addresses privacy concerns in intrusion detection for the Internet of Vehicles by applying split learning — a technique that distributes model training across IoV devices and a central server without sharing raw data — achieving effective intrusion detection while preserving privacy.
2022
2022
CANBERT: A Language-based Intrusion Detection Model for In-vehicle Networks
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Habeeb Olufowobi
IEEE 21st International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA), 2022
IoT SecurityVehicular SecurityNLP
2022
A Survey of Machine Translation Tasks on Nigerian Languages
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Anietie Andy
Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), 2022
NLPLow-resource Languages
HTML
Machine translation is an active area of research that has received significant attention over the past decade. In this paper, we survey the current state of the art of machine translation research on Nigerian languages with a major emphasis on neural machine translation techniques.
2021
2021
Dynamic load sharing in memory constrained devices: a survey
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Michael Robson, Habeeb Olufowobi
IEEE 7th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2021
Load SharingIoT
2021
Covid vaccine sentiment analysis by geographic region
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Ryan Vaughan, Christopher Kolimago
IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 2021
Health InformaticsNLP
2021
Detecting network traffic intrusions on memory constrained embedded systems
Shiyu Su, Ebelechukwu Nwafor
IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST), 2021
IoT SecurityLoad Sharing
2019
2019
Towards an Interactive Visualization Framework for IoT Device Data Flow
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Habeeb Olufowobi
IEEE, 2019
Data ProvenanceIoT
2018
2018
Trace-based data provenance for cyber-physical systems
Ebelechukwu Nwafor
Howard University, Doctoral Dissertation, 2018
Data ProvenanceIoT Security
2018
Design patterns for the industrial Internet of Things
Gedare Bloom, Bassma Alsulami, Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti
IEEE 14th International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), 2018
IoTSecurity
2018
Anomaly-based intrusion detection of IoT device sensor data using provenance graphs
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Andre Campbell, Gedare Bloom
1st International Workshop on Security and Privacy for the Internet-of-Things, 2018
IoT SecurityData Provenance
2017
2017
Towards a provenance collection framework for internet of things devices
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Andre Campbell, David Hill, Gedare Bloom
IEEE SmartWorld / SCALCOM / UIC / ATC / CBDCom / IOP / SCI, 2017
Data ProvenanceIoT
2016
2016
A policy-driven framework for document classification and enterprise security
Ebelechukwu Nwafor, Pawan Chowdhary, Anca Chandra
IEEE Conferences on Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing (UIC/ATC/ScalCom), 2016
SecurityNLP
2015
2015
A Hybrid Approach to Improving Cloud Data Security
E. Nwafor, L. Burge
International Conference on Security and Management (SAM), 2015
Security
2013
2013
A Self-Protecting Security Framework for CDA Documents
G. Hsieh, E. Nwafor
International Conference on Security and Management (SAM), 2013
SecurityHealth Informatics